Hi, my name is Eduardo. I live in in a small town named Galt and currently studying at Cosumnes River College. I enjoy hanging going out, playing sports, watching movies, listening to music, and spending time with family.
In the 1500s, the Protestant Reformation was a religious reform movement that spread across Europe. It culminated in the formation of a branch of Christianity known as Protestantism, a term that refers to the many religious groups that split from the Roman Catholic Church over theology disputes. Major reasons why the Reformation came to be was the rise in nationalism and moving away from the church. Important figures such as that of Martin Luther is one that stood out from encouraging this movement.
Religion was a major factor when it came for people to understand the world and why everything was the way, but many, such as Martin Luther, began to believe in more of a collective identity constituting a demand to separate from the church. Stated in Chapter 14, "Thus Luther's insistence that the German rulers reform the church because the church was important to do so appealed to both economic and nationalistic self-interest", (Cunningham pg. 329). This was the first time in history that individuals were instilled with a sense of collective identity through diverse customs and behaviors.
"95 Thesis" Martin Luther
Another major reason why the Reformation began was because of how corrupt the church was to its people. In the reading, " The idea of reform in the church had actually been maturing for centuries, with out cries against abuses and pleas for change", (Cunningham pg. 329). The church during this period was the most superior ranking and social class holding a lot of power and abusing all of it. In the Article "An Economic Analysis of the Protestant Reformation" by Robert B. Ekelund stated, "It treats the Roman Catholic Firm as a firm that provided religious and legal services used its market to extract rents from it customers", (Ekelund pg. 647). Many, including Martin Luther, were tired of this and wanted change to happen. An iconic moment during early on in the Reformation had to ben when Martin Luther nailed his "95 Thesis" to the church door. Martin Luther published his 95 Theses in an attempt to persuade the Roman Catholic Church to stop selling indulgences, sometimes known as "get out of hell cards." Luther believed the Church lacked the right to grant such indulgences, especially for a fee. Luther refused to change his mind about his convictions.
A Fun, Animated History of the Reformation and the Man who Started it All
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Work Cited
Ekelund, Jr., Robert B., et al. “An Economic Analysis of the Protestant Reformation.” Journal of Political Economy, vol. 110, no. 3, The University of Chicago Press, 2002, pp. 646–71, https://doi.org/10.1086/339721.
Riech. "Chapter 14: The Renaissance in the North." Culture and Values, by Lawrence S. Cunningham.
A fun, animated history of the Reformation and ... - youtube. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhGGjRjvq7w.
In the journal article by Tom Nichols "The Master as Monument: Titian and his
Images" introduces the main topic of Titian's problematic role as the Venetian
tradition's figure of speech and complete meaning of the world that we live in.
As seen by the persistent flow of idealizing self-portraits and other images of
Titian from the mature and later years of his work, the older Titian seems to
have understood himself in this way. Titians paintings established as a model of
unquestionable artistic authority, noting that this position was achieved
through implied association with his aristocratic and courtly customers' elite
social identity. It then goes on to look into the more negative aspects of
Titian's hegemony over younger painters in Venice, both within his workshop and
outside of it. Stated in the journal article, "Younger generations of painters in
Venice, both within and beyond the workshop, sought to associate themselves with
Titian in this period, showing him as 'the father of art' alongside themselves
om the roles pf chosen heir or successor", (Nichols 219). Titian is highly
praised in the journal article as the father of art and having an entire
generation of young artist inspired by his work.
Allegory of Prudence by Titian
A point of information that was not mentioned in Chapter 13 'The High Renaissance in Italy' by Cunningham was the 'Allegory of Prudence' Painted by Titian. The painting depicts three human heads facing the opposite directions of each other while being above three animal heads; The oldest of the three heads is facing left and is paired with a wolf, the middle head is a modern aged man paired with a lion, and the young boy facing left is paired with a dog. Quoted in the article, "-the imagery clearly picks up again the Three Ages of Man theme that Titian has visualized in his early career..." (Nichols 226). The left head is Titian's own which represents old age and the past, the center head was his own son Orazio representing maturity and present-time, and lastly the third heard to the right is his cousin Marco who represents the future and youth; this art work leads back to Titian idealizing self portraits. stated in 'The High Renaissance in Italy', "Note the three distinct levels in the composition of the painting..." (Cunningham 311). Titan's art work typically is split between three different sections or a particular person, place or thing.
The reason why I had choose this particular article was for two particular reasons; one of the major reasons is because I had studied a little bit about Titian back in my senior year of high school, but I was eager to learn more about him as the art work he has created really inspired me to really appreciate art more. The second reason why I had chosen this very particular article was because it caught my attention the most by how much detail it went in about Titian and his work and how it was presented.
Work Cited
Cunningham. "Chapter 13: The High Renaissance in Italy". pp 295-321.
Nichols, Tom. “The Master as Monument: Titian and His Images.” Artibus et Historiae, vol. 34, no. 67, IRSA s.c., 2013, pp. 219–38, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23510252.
“The Power of Art - Tizian ( Documentary ) - Youtube.” The Power of Art - Titian , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2EaJhKjX-o.
Della Vecchia, Pietro. "Self Portrait of Titian", 1560.
Titian. "Allegory of Prudence", 1565-1570. Oil Painting.
